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References are functions. They hold a reference to a value stored somewhere. For example, given:
int i = 3; char const* s = "Hello World";
        we create references to
        i and s
        this way:
      
ref(i) ref(s)
        Like val, the expressions
        above evaluates to a nullary function; the first one returning an int&,
        and the second one returning a char
        const*&.
      
(See references.cpp)